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The Health Care Quality Improvement Act (HCQIA) is a federal law that is particularly focused on improving the quality of health care in the United States and providing a framework within which peer review can be conducted. HCQIA sets the standards for peer review and provides protection to healthcare professionals who participate in such processes. This is crucial for developing a robust peer review policy as it emphasizes the importance of fair and balanced review processes, thereby ensuring that healthcare providers can operate without fear of reprisal when participating in peer review activities.

Moreover, HCQIA emphasizes the need for hospitals and other healthcare entities to have proper and documented peer review processes, which is vital for maintaining accreditation and quality standards. Developing peer review policies in alignment with HCQIA ensures compliance with federal regulations and helps safeguard against malpractice and liability issues. This foundational framework is essential for any healthcare organization's approach to peer review, reinforcing the importance of maintaining high-quality healthcare delivery.